Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316 CE) Delhi Sultanate ke sabse powerful aur ambitious rulers mein se ek the. Jalaluddin Firuz Khilji ke murder ke baad gaddi par baithne wale Alauddin ne na sirf pure Indian subcontinent (North se lekar South India tak) mein military imperialism expand kiya, balki ek aisi revolutionary administrative machinery create ki jisne medieval statecraft ki paribhasha badal di. Unka primary objective tha: ek vishal standing army maintain karna taaki Mongol Invasions (jaise Qutlugh Khwaja, Targhi, Iqbalmand) ko repel kiya ja sake aur pan-India conquests achieve ho sakein.
Apne is objective ko pura karne ke liye Alauddin ne Market Control Regulations (बाजार नियंत्रण प्रणाली), Military Reforms (दाग और हुलिया प्रथा), Land Revenue / Agrarian Measures (मसाहत प्रणाली, चराई और घरी कर), aur Noble Suppression Ordinances implement kiye. SSC CGL (Tier 1 & Tier 2), RRB NTPC, UPSC Prelims aur State PSC exams ke Medieval India section mein Shahna-i-Mandi, Diwan-i-Mustakhraj, Diwan-i-Riyasat, Barid-i-Mandi, Munhiyans, aur price schedules par continuous factual aur conceptual questions puche jaate hain. Niche high-yield study material, administrative flowcharts, aur 50 Moderate Exam-Standard Bilingual MCQs diye gaye hain jinhe attempt karke aap live scorecard check kar sakte hain.
📌 Table of Contents (Quick Navigation)
- Market Control Policy (बाजार नियंत्रण प्रणाली): Four Markets & Officials
- Military Reforms & Agrarian Tax Structure (Dagh, Huliya, Masahat)
- The Four Royal Ordinances & Suppression of Nobility
- Exam Weightage & Importance Matrix (SSC, Railway, State PSC & UPSC)
- 50 Practice MCQs (Bilingual Interactive Test)
- Download Alauddin Khilji Reforms PDF Notes
- Best Recommended Books for Medieval History
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Market Control Policy (बाजार नियंत्रण प्रणाली): Four Markets & Officials
Ziauddin Barani (Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi) aur Amir Khusrau (Khazain-ul-Futuh) ke detailed accounts ke mutabiq, Alauddin Khilji ne Delhi mein saari commodities ke prices state dwara rigidly fix kar diye the. Is price control ka basic aim ye tha ki sipahi 234 tankas annual pay par comfortable life lead kar sakein.
Four Distinct Markets in Delhi:
- Mandi (Grain Market): Food grains (wheat, barley, gram, rice, sugar) ke fixed rates the. Wheat ka price 7.5 Jitals per maund, barley 4 Jitals per maund, aur gram/rice 5 Jitals per maund fix tha. Government grain stores (state granaries) banaye gaye the emergency buffer stock ke liye.
- Sarai-i-Adl (Cloth & Manufactured Goods Market): Badaun gate ke paas establish open market jahan coarse cloth se lekar costly silks, dry fruits, herbs, aur rose water beche jaate the. Multani merchants ko state ne 20 lakh tankas ka advance loan diya tha taaki wo bahar se goods procure kar sakein.
- Horses, Cattle & Slaves Market: Middlemen aur brokers (dallals) ko eliminate kiya gaya. Horses ko 3 grades mein classify kiya gaya (Grade I: 100–120 tankas; Grade II: 80–90 tankas; Grade III: 65–70 tankas; pack horses: 10–25 tankas).
- General Miscellaneous Market: Vegetables, fruits, sweets, shoes, needles se lekar comb tak ke prices fixed the.
Administrative Hierarchy & Espionage:
- Diwan-i-Riyasat: Commerce and Economic Affairs Ministry, jiska head Naib-i-Riyasat (Malik Yaqub) tha. Har merchant ka register yahan maintain hota tha.
- Shahna-i-Mandi: Superintendent of the grain market (appointed Malik Qabul). Iske paas lash police contingent rehti thi aur wo black marketing prevent karta tha.
- Barid-i-Mandi: Official intelligence reporting officers jo price status central court ko direct report karte the.
- Munhiyans: Secret undercover spies jo market mein roaming customer banker cheat karne wale shopkeepers ko catch karte the. Agar koi shopkeeper kam wazan tolta tha, to uske sharir se utna hi mass (flesh) kaat liya jata tha.
2. Military Reforms & Agrarian Tax Structure
Alauddin Khilji Delhi Sultanate ka pehla monarch tha jisne ek disciplined, centralized Permanent Standing Army organize ki jise treasury se direct cash salaries di jaati thin.
| Reform Category | Key Measures & Terminology | Significance & Implementation Details |
|---|---|---|
| Military Innovation | Dagh (दाग) & Huliya / Chehra (चेहरा) | Dagh: Imperial branding of war horses to prevent fraudulent substitution. Huliya: Descriptive descriptive roll of each recruit recorded by the military department (Ariz-i-Mamalik). |
| Salary Structure | Cash Pay: 234 Tankas | A regular trooper received 234 tankas per year (approx 19.5 tankas/month). A trooper keeping an additional spare horse (Do-Aspa) received an additional 78 tankas. |
| Measurement Method | Masahat (मसाहत) / Biswa Standard | Land revenue was assessed on the basis of actual cultivated land measurement per unit area (Biswa was the standard unit of measurement). |
| Kharaj (Land Revenue) | 50% of Gross Produce (1/2) | He raised the state share to half of the total harvest in the fertile Doab region, the highest land revenue tax collected up to that time in the Sultanate. |
| Additional Pastoral Taxes | Charai (चराई) & Ghari (घरी) | Charai: Grazing tax on milch cattle. Ghari: House tax on residences and dwellings of cultivators. |
| Revenue Department | Diwan-i-Mustakhraj | Special revenue department created to audit, track, and recover outstanding unpaid revenue balances from corrupt tax collectors. |
| Subjugation of Intermediaries | Crushing Khuts, Muqaddams & Chaudharis | Abolished their customary hereditary commission (Kismat-i-Khuti); forced rural village headmen to pay taxes like ordinary cultivators (Balhar). |
3. The Four Royal Ordinances & Suppression of Nobility
1299–1301 CE ke doran 4 continuous rebellions (Akat Khan’s attempt on Sultan’s life, Haji Maula’s revolt in Delhi, Umar and Mangu Khan’s revolt in Badaun and Awadh) ke baad Alauddin ne inke 4 root causes diagnose kiye: King’s unawareness of public affairs, Wine drinking gatherings, Intimacy and inter-marriages among nobles, aur Excessive private wealth of nobles. Inhe root out karne ke liye usne Four Ordinances (चार शाही अध्यादेश) issue kiye:
- Ordinance 1 (Confiscation of Wealth & Grants): Saare religious endowments, milk (proprietary lands), inam (gifts), aur waqf (pious foundations) lands ko cancel karke direct crown land (Khalsa) mein convert kar diya gaya.
- Ordinance 2 (All-Encompassing Spy Network): Imperial spy organization (Barids aur Munhiyans) ko reorganize kiya gaya. Nobles apne gharon mein bhi freely bolne se darne lage; unki movements, conversations, aur secret visitors par strict watch thi.
- Ordinance 3 (Total Prohibition of Alcohol & Gambing): Delhi ke andar wine-manufacturing, selling, drinking, aur gambling par strict ban lagaya gaya. Sultan ne apne royal wine cups tod diye aur liquor ko Badaun gate ke bahar deep pits mein bahawa diya.
- Ordinance 4 (Ban on Social Parties & Marriages): Nobles ke aapas mein banquet parties organise karne aur Sultan ki prior formal written permission ke bina inter-marriages arrange karne par complete ban laga diya gaya.
4. Exam Weightage & Importance Matrix
| Exam Category | Expected History Qs | Alauddin Khilji Weightage | High-Yield Exam Focus Areas |
|---|---|---|---|
| SSC CGL / CHSL / CPO | 4–6 Questions | 1–2 Direct Qs | Officials (Shahna-i-Mandi, Diwan-i-Riyasat), Dagh & Huliya, Land tax rate (50%), Sikandar-i-Sani title |
| RRB NTPC / Group D | 6–8 Questions | 1 Question | Cash salary (234 tankas), Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort capital, Malik Kafur’s southern campaigns |
| State PSC (UPPSC, BPSC, RAS, etc.) | 10–15 Questions | 2–3 Detailed Qs | Masahat land measurement, Charai/Ghari taxes, Diwan-i-Mustakhraj function, Barani’s source critique |
| UPSC Civil Services Prelims | 12–16 Questions | High Priority | Economic impact of market regulations on peasantry, Centralization of military supply chain, Iqta changes |
5. 50 Practice MCQs (Bilingual Interactive Test)
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Q1. What was the original personal name of Sultan Alauddin Khilji before his accession? / राज्यारोहण से पहले सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का मूल नाम क्या था?
Explanation: Alauddin Khilji’s original name was Ali Gurshasp. He assumed the title ‘Ala-ud-dunya wa-d-din’ upon usurping the throne of Delhi in 1296 CE.
Q2. Which title was adopted by Alauddin Khilji, which was also minted on his coins, proclaiming him as the “Second Alexander”? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने कौन सी उपाधि धारण की थी, जिसे उसके सिक्कों पर भी अंकित कराया गया था, जो उसे “द्वितीय सिकंदर” घोषित करती थी?
Explanation: Alauddin dreamed of world conquest like Alexander the Great and assumed the title ‘Sikandar-i-Sani’ (Alexander the Second), striking it on his coins and reciting it in Khutba.
Q3. Who was the trusted Kotwal of Delhi whose advice persuaded Alauddin Khilji to abandon his ambitions of founding a new religion and conquering the entire world? / दिल्ली का वह विश्वस्त कोतवाल कौन था जिसकी सलाह पर अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने एक नया धर्म चलाने और पूरे विश्व को जीतने की अपनी महत्वाकांक्षा को त्याग दिया था?
Explanation: Ala-ul-Mulk, the uncle of historian Barani and Kotwal of Delhi, advised Alauddin that establishing a new faith was the domain of prophets and that conquering India completely was a higher priority than world conquest.
Q4. What was the primary driving motive behind Alauddin Khilji’s comprehensive Market Control Policy? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी की व्यापक बाजार नियंत्रण नीति के पीछे प्राथमिक प्रेरक उद्देश्य क्या था?
Explanation: Barani explicitly states that Alauddin fixed commodity prices at a low rate so that a vast imperial standing army could be recruited and sustained on moderate cash pay without depleting the state treasury.
Q5. Which official was appointed as the supreme superintendent of the Grain Market (Mandi) under Alauddin Khilji? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के अधीन अनाज मंडी का सर्वोच्च अधीक्षक (शहना) किसे नियुक्त किया गया था?
Explanation: Malik Qabul was appointed Shahna-i-Mandi. He maintained market discipline, registered merchants, and strictly enforced price ceilings.
Q6. What was the central cloth, silk, and manufactured goods market established near the Badaun Gate called? / बदायूँ गेट के पास स्थापित केंद्रीय वस्त्र, रेशम और विनिर्मित वस्तुओं के बाजार को क्या कहा जाता था?
Explanation: Sarai-i-Adl (‘Place of Justice’) was the designated open marketplace set up near the Badaun gate in Delhi for textiles, dry fruits, herbs, and imported merchandise.
Q7. What was the fixed price of superior wheat per maund in Delhi under Alauddin Khilji’s market regulations? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के बाजार नियमों के तहत दिल्ली में प्रति मन बढ़िया गेहूं की निर्धारित कीमत क्या थी?
Explanation: As recorded by contemporary historian Ziauddin Barani, the price of wheat was permanently stabilized at 7.5 Jitals per maund throughout Alauddin’s reign.
Q8. Which ministry was created/headed by Naib-i-Riyasat Malik Yaqub to control and regulate commerce and retail trade? / वाणिज्य और खुदरा व्यापार को नियंत्रित और विनियमित करने के लिए नायब-ए-रियासत मलिक याकूब के अधीन कौन सा मंत्रालय बनाया गया था?
Explanation: The Diwan-i-Riyasat was the economic regulatory department responsible for inspecting weights, supervising merchants, and managing all commercial establishments.
Q9. What were the secret intelligence officers and undercover spies monitoring markets called under Alauddin’s espionage system? / अलाउद्दीन की जासूसी प्रणाली के तहत बाजारों की निगरानी करने वाले गुप्तचरों और खुफिया एजेंटों को क्या कहा जाता था?
Explanation: Secret intelligence agents appointed directly to roam the bazaars and report daily transactions and any underweight cheating were called ‘Munhiyans’, while official market reporters were ‘Barid-i-Mandi’.
Q10. What harsh physical punishment was inflicted on shopkeepers who were caught giving short weight (underweighing goods)? / कम वजन तोलने (सामान कम देने) वाले पकड़े गए दुकानदारों को क्या कठोर शारीरिक दंड दिया जाता था?
Explanation: Barani records that if a vendor cheated on weight, the market inspector would slice off an equivalent weight of flesh from the shopkeeper’s thighs or body to instill absolute terror against deceit.
Q11. What annual cash salary (in silver tankas) was paid to an ordinary regular cavalry trooper (Sowar) under Alauddin Khilji? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के अधीन एक साधारण नियमित घुड़सवार सैनिक (सवार) को कितना वार्षिक नकद वेतन (चांदी के टंके में) दिया जाता था?
Explanation: A regular soldier received 234 silver tankas per annum (19.5 tankas per month), while a soldier maintaining an additional spare horse (Do-Aspa) received an additional 78 tankas per year.
Q12. What was the practice of branding war horses with an imperial hot-iron mark introduced by Alauddin Khilji called? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा युद्धक घोड़ों पर शाही गर्म लोहे की मुहर लगाने की प्रथा को क्या कहा जाता था?
Explanation: The system of ‘Dagh’ (branding horses) was introduced to ensure that noble commanders could not substitute inferior pack horses during muster reviews in place of fine Arabian war horses.
Q13. What was the detailed descriptive roll of each recruit (recording facial scars, height, features) introduced by Alauddin called? / अलाउद्दीन द्वारा प्रत्येक भर्ती किए गए सैनिक के विस्तृत शारीरिक विवरण (चेहरे के निशान, कद, आदि) के रिकॉर्ड को क्या कहा जाता था?
Explanation: The preparation of ‘Huliya’ (or Chehra) recorded the physical identification of each soldier in the registers of the Ariz-i-Mamalik to prevent proxy soldiers from drawing state pay.
Q14. What percentage of gross agricultural produce was fixed as land revenue (Kharaj) by Alauddin Khilji in the Doab region? / दोआब क्षेत्र में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा भू-राजस्व (खराज) के रूप में कुल कृषि उपज का कितना प्रतिशत निर्धारित किया गया था?
Explanation: Alauddin Khilji fixed the state demand at 50% (half of the total yield) on all cultivated land in the fertile Gangetic Doab, which was the highest tax rate in Sultanate history.
Q15. What was the system of land measurement introduced by Alauddin Khilji for assessment of agricultural revenue called? / कृषि राजस्व के निर्धारण के लिए अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा शुरू की गई भूमि माप प्रणाली को क्या कहा जाता था?
Explanation: Masahat was the system of measuring land under cultivation. The yield was assessed per unit area with ‘Biswa’ as the standard unit of measurement.
Q16. What was the standard unit of land measurement adopted by Alauddin Khilji under the Masahat system? / मसाहत प्रणाली के तहत अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा अपनाई गई भूमि माप की मानक इकाई क्या थी?
Explanation: The yield and land measurement were computed per ‘Biswa’ (the twentieth part of a Bigha), standardizing the tax base across central provinces.
Q17. Which two new taxes on rural society were introduced by Alauddin Khilji besides Kharaj? / खराज के अलावा अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा ग्रामीण समाज पर कौन से दो नए कर लगाए गए थे?
Explanation: Alauddin introduced ‘Charai’ (a tax on all milch cattle and animals grazing on commons) and ‘Ghari’ (a residential house/hearth tax on dwellings).
Q18. What was the special administrative department created by Alauddin Khilji to realize outstanding revenue arrears and audit tax collectors? / बकाया राजस्व की वसूली और कर संग्राहकों के ऑडिट के लिए अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा बनाया गया विशेष प्रशासनिक विभाग कौन सा था?
Explanation: Diwan-i-Mustakhraj was established to aggressively extract uncollected arrears (Mustakhraj) from revenue officials (Amils, Karkuns, and village headmen).
Q19. Which hereditary rural intermediaries had their privileges stripped and were forced to pay taxes on land and cattle by Alauddin? / किन वंशानुगत ग्रामीण बिचौलियों के विशेषाधिकार छीन लिए गए और उन्हें अलाउद्दीन द्वारा भूमि और मवेशियों पर कर देने के लिए मजबूर किया गया था?
Explanation: Alauddin eradicated the tax-exempt status and customary dues (Haqq-i-Khuti) of traditional village headmen (Khuts, Muqaddams, Chaudharis), reducing them to the status of ordinary peasants.
Q20. What share of war spoils (Khams) did Alauddin Khilji claim for the state treasury, reversing previous Islamic convention? / पिछली इस्लामी परंपरा को उलटते हुए, अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने युद्ध की लूट (खुम्स) का कितना हिस्सा राज्य के खजाने के लिए दावा किया था?
Explanation: Traditionally, Islamic rulers took 1/5th of Khams (war plunder) for the treasury and distributed 4/5th to soldiers. Alauddin reversed this, keeping 4/5th for the state treasury and giving only 1/5th to soldiers.
Q21. How many royal ordinances were issued by Alauddin Khilji to curb rebellions and suppress the power of his nobles? / विद्रोहों को रोकने और अपने अमीरों की शक्ति को दबाने के लिए अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा कितने शाही अध्यादेश जारी किए गए थे?
Explanation: Alauddin issued four sweeping ordinances: confiscation of rent-free lands/endowments, creation of a ubiquitous spy network, complete prohibition of intoxicants, and ban on social gatherings/intermarriages among nobles.
Q22. What social activity among nobles was banned under Alauddin’s Fourth Ordinance without prior royal permission? / अलाउद्दीन के चौथे अध्यादेश के तहत पूर्व शाही अनुमति के बिना अमीरों के बीच किस सामाजिक गतिविधि पर प्रतिबंध लगा दिया गया था?
Explanation: Nobles were prohibited from visiting each other’s homes, organizing private dinner banquets, or contracting marriages between their families without the Sultan’s explicit prior written consent.
Q23. Which new fortified city was built by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi to serve as his capital and defensive barrier against Mongols? / मंगोलों के खिलाफ अपनी राजधानी और रक्षात्मक बाधा के रूप में सेवा करने के लिए अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा दिल्ली में किस नए किलेबंद शहर का निर्माण कराया गया था?
Explanation: Built around 1303 CE, Siri Fort served as Alauddin’s military base and imperial capital, housing the celebrated Palace of a Thousand Pillars (Hazar Sutun).
Q24. Which famous monumental gate in the Qutub complex featuring true horse-shoe arches was built by Alauddin Khilji in 1311 CE? / 1311 ईस्वी में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा कुतुब परिसर में सच्चे घोड़े की नाल के आकार के मेहराब वाला कौन सा प्रसिद्ध द्वार बनवाया गया था?
Explanation: Alai Darwaza is the southern gateway to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque, celebrated as the first true Islamic horse-shoe arch and dome constructed in India using red sandstone and white marble.
Q25. Which massive water reservoir was excavated by Alauddin Khilji in Delhi for the water supply of Siri Fort? / सीरी किले की जल आपूर्ति के लिए दिल्ली में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा किस विशाल जलाशय की खुदाई करवाई गई थी?
Explanation: Hauz-i-Alai (later known as Hauz Khas after repairs by Firoz Shah Tughlaq) was a vast water reservoir constructed by Alauddin near modern Hauz Khas.
Q26. What was the ambitious uncompleted minaret project initiated by Alauddin Khilji in the Qutub complex, intended to be twice the height of Qutub Minar? / कुतुब परिसर में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा शुरू की गई वह महत्वाकांक्षी अधूरी मीनार परियोजना कौन सी थी, जिसे कुतुब मीनार की ऊंचाई से दोगुना बनाया जाना था?
Explanation: Alauddin planned to build the Alai Minar to dwarf the Qutub Minar, but only its massive 24.5-meter first storey rubble masonry core was completed before his death in 1316 CE.
Q27. Who was the slave general of Alauddin Khilji who successfully commanded the victorious military campaigns across the Deccan and South India? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का वह दास सेनापति कौन था जिसने दक्कन और दक्षिण भारत में विजयी सैन्य अभियानों का सफल नेतृत्व किया था?
Explanation: Malik Kafur, acquired during the Gujarat conquest for 1,000 gold dinars (hence called ‘Hazar-Dinari’), led the southern campaigns against Devagiri, Warangal, Dwarasamudra, and Madurai.
Q28. What policy did Alauddin Khilji adopt towards the defeated rulers of South India, unlike his direct annexation policy in North India? / उत्तर भारत में अपनी प्रत्यक्ष विलय नीति के विपरीत, दक्षिण भारत के पराजित शासकों के प्रति अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने कौन सी नीति अपनाई थी?
Explanation: Alauddin did not annex southern kingdoms because direct governance from Delhi was logistically impossible; he extracted immense gold, elephants, and annual tribute, restoring rulers (like Ramachandra of Devagiri) as feudatories.
Q29. What title was granted by Alauddin Khilji to King Ramachandra Deva of the Yadava dynasty of Devagiri upon his submission? / देवगिरि के यादव वंश के राजा रामचंद्र देव को आत्मसमर्पण करने पर अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा कौन सी उपाधि दी गई थी?
Explanation: Alauddin treated King Ramachandra with imperial honor in Delhi, granted him the title ‘Rai Rayan’ (King of Kings), presented him with 1 lakh gold tankas, and restored his territory.
Q30. Who was the Kakatiya king of Warangal from whom Malik Kafur extracted immense treasure, including the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond? / वारंगल के काकतीय राजा कौन थे जिनसे मलिक काफूर ने प्रसिद्ध कोह-ए-नूर हीरे सहित भारी खजाना प्राप्त किया था?
Explanation: In 1310 CE, Malik Kafur besieged Warangal, forcing Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra II to surrender a golden image of himself with a chain around its neck, along with 100 elephants and the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
Q31. Which medieval historian authored ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’, which contains the most authoritative account of Alauddin Khilji’s market control and agrarian reforms? / ‘तारीख-ए-फिरोजशाही’ के लेखक कौन हैं, जिसमें अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के बाजार नियंत्रण और कृषि सुधारों का सबसे प्रामाणिक विवरण है?
Explanation: Ziauddin Barani’s ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’ provides the classic narrative of the motives, price schedules, enforcement methods, and economic mechanics of Alauddin’s regulations.
Q32. Which court poet of Alauddin Khilji wrote ‘Khazain-ul-Futuh’ (The Treasures of Victories), describing the Sultan’s campaigns? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी के किस दरबारी कवि ने सुल्तान के अभियानों का वर्णन करते हुए ‘खजाइन-उल-फुतुह’ (जीत का खजाना) की रचना की थी?
Explanation: Amir Khusrau (Tuti-e-Hind) documented Alauddin’s construction projects, conquests, and market reforms in his Persian work ‘Khazain-ul-Futuh’ (also called ‘Tarikh-i-Alai’).
Q33. What was the name of the famous Chittor ruler whose fort was besieged by Alauddin Khilji in 1303 CE, associated with the legend of Rani Padmini? / 1303 ईस्वी में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा घेरे गए चित्तौड़ के किस प्रसिद्ध शासक का नाम रानी पद्मिनी की कथा से जुड़ा है?
Explanation: In 1303 CE, Alauddin besieged Chittorgarh, ruled by Guhila king Rawal Ratan Singh. After an eight-month siege, the fort fell, the women committed Jauhar, and the town was renamed Khizrabad.
Q34. In which Awadhi epic poem written by Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE is the story of Alauddin’s siege of Chittor and Rani Padmini romantically chronicled? / 1540 ईस्वी में मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी द्वारा लिखित किस अवधी महाकाव्य में चित्तौड़ के घेरे और रानी पद्मिनी की कहानी का वर्णन है?
Explanation: Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed the allegorical Awadhi poem ‘Padmavat’ in 1540 CE during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, elaborating the heroic tale of Rani Padmini.
Q35. Which heroic Mongol leader invaded India with 2,00,000 horsemen in 1299 CE and fought the Battle of Kili on the outskirts of Delhi? / 1299 ईस्वी में 2,00,000 घुड़सवारों के साथ भारत पर आक्रमण करने वाले किस मंगोल नेता ने दिल्ली के बाहरी इलाके में किली का युद्ध लड़ा था?
Explanation: Qutlugh Khwaja led a full-scale invasion aiming to conquer Delhi. At the Battle of Kili, Alauddin’s general Zafar Khan fought with ferocious gallantry, driving the Mongols back, though Zafar Khan lost his life.
Q36. Which brave general of Alauddin Khilji, known as the “Rustam of the Age”, died fighting the Mongols at the Battle of Kili in 1299 CE? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का वह वीर सेनापति कौन था, जिसे “युग का रुस्तम” कहा जाता था, जो 1299 ईस्वी में किली के युद्ध में मंगोलों से लड़ते हुए मारा गया था?
Explanation: Zafar Khan pursued the retreating Mongols without waiting for royal reinforcements and was encircled and killed; his bravery was so feared that Mongols invoked his name to quiet their horses.
Q37. What was the community of traditional long-distance grain merchants and transport traders who were compulsorily registered by the state called? / पारंपरिक लंबी दूरी के अनाज व्यापारियों और परिवहन व्यापारियों का वह समुदाय क्या कहलाता था जिसे राज्य द्वारा अनिवार्य रूप से पंजीकृत किया गया था?
Explanation: Banjaras or Karwanis, who possessed thousands of bullocks to transport grain from rural areas into Delhi, were brought under the direct administrative control of Shahna-i-Mandi.
Q38. Why did Alauddin Khilji order the confiscation of religious and proprietary land grants (Inam, Waqf, Milk)? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने धार्मिक और स्वामित्व वाली भूमि अनुदानों (इनाम, वक्फ, मिल्क) को जब्त करने का आदेश क्यों दिया था?
Explanation: Alauddin believed that idle wealth was the breeding ground for sedition and conspiracy. By converting private grants into crown land (Khalsa), he made everyone reliant on royal service for sustenance.
Q39. What did Alauddin Khilji do to ensure abundant food grain supply in Delhi during times of drought and famine? / सूखे और अकाल के समय दिल्ली में प्रचुर मात्रा में खाद्यान्न आपूर्ति सुनिश्चित करने के लिए अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने क्या किया था?
Explanation: He established government granaries filled with grain collected as revenue in kind, rationing up to half a maund per household per day during droughts so no famine occurred in Delhi.
Q40. Who was the Qazi of Badaun/Bayana whom Alauddin questioned regarding the Islamic legality of his state laws and financial exactions? / बयाना के वे काजी कौन थे जिनसे अलाउद्दीन ने अपने राज्य कानूनों और वित्तीय वसूली की इस्लामी वैधता के संबंध में पूछताछ की थी?
Explanation: In a famous dialogue, Qazi Mughis-ud-din told the Sultan that his 50% tax and severe punishments were contrary to Sharia; Alauddin replied that he enacted whatever decrees were in the best practical interest of the State.
Q41. In which year did Alauddin Khilji launch his military expedition against Gujarat, leading to the acquisition of Malik Kafur? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने किस वर्ष गुजरात के विरुद्ध अपना सैन्य अभियान शुरू किया था, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप मलिक काफूर की प्राप्ति हुई?
Explanation: In 1299 CE, an army under Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan invaded Gujarat, defeated Vaghela king Rai Karan (Karna Deva II), plundered Somnath, and captured Malik Kafur from the port of Cambay.
Q42. Which ruler of Ranthambore was defeated and killed by Alauddin Khilji in 1301 CE after an arduous siege? / 1301 ईस्वी में एक कठिन घेराबंदी के बाद अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा रणथंभौर के किस शासक को पराजित कर मार दिया गया था?
Explanation: Hammiradeva sheltered rebel Mongol neo-Muslims (Muhammad Shah); Alauddin laid siege to Ranthambore, which fell in July 1301 CE after Nusrat Khan died and Rajput women committed Jauhar.
Q43. What happened to Alauddin Khilji’s Market Control Regulations after his death in 1316 CE? / 1316 ईस्वी में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी की मृत्यु के बाद उसके बाजार नियंत्रण नियमों का क्या हुआ?
Explanation: The strict market regulations were maintained solely through Alauddin’s personal iron will and vigilance. His successor Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah abolished the harsh price controls, heavy taxes, and espionage system.
Q44. Which capital was renamed as ‘Khizrabad’ by Alauddin Khilji in honor of his eldest son Khizr Khan in 1303 CE? / 1303 ईस्वी में अलाउद्दीन खिलजी द्वारा अपने सबसे बड़े बेटे खिज्र खान के सम्मान में किस राजधानी का नाम बदलकर ‘खिज्राबाद’ रखा गया था?
Explanation: Following the fall of Chittor in 1303 CE, Alauddin appointed his young son Khizr Khan as governor and renamed the fortress city ‘Khizrabad’.
Q45. How did Alauddin Khilji ensure that merchants brought cloth and expensive silks to the Sarai-i-Adl market? / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने यह कैसे सुनिश्चित किया कि व्यापारी सराय-ए-अदल बाजार में कपड़े और महंगे रेशम लाएं?
Explanation: Alauddin advanced 20 lakh tankas from the treasury to wealthy Multani merchants and guaranteed their profits so they could purchase textiles from across India and sell them in Delhi at controlled rates.
Q46. What was the furthest southern capital reached and plundered by Malik Kafur’s forces during his 1311 CE expedition? / 1311 ईस्वी के अभियान के दौरान मलिक काफूर की सेना द्वारा पहुँचा और लूटा गया सबसे सुदूर दक्षिणी राजधानी शहर कौन सा था?
Explanation: Malik Kafur marched into Tamil territory, intervening in the Pandya civil war between Sundara Pandya and Vira Pandya, and sacked Madurai, taking hundreds of elephants and enormous quantities of gold.
Q47. What was the name of the Hoysala ruler of Dwarasamudra who submitted to Malik Kafur in 1310–11 CE? / द्वारसमुद्र के उस होयसल शासक का नाम क्या था जिसने 1310-11 ईस्वी में मलिक काफूर के समक्ष आत्मसमर्पण किया था?
Explanation: King Veera Ballala III surrendered his fort of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu), paid huge war indemnities, and assisted Malik Kafur’s army on its march toward the Pandya kingdom.
Q48. Which sultanate ruler succeeded Alauddin Khilji after a brief period of palace intrigues orchestrated by Malik Kafur in 1316 CE? / 1316 ईस्वी में मलिक काफूर द्वारा रचे गए महल के षड्यंत्रों के संक्षिप्त दौर के बाद कौन सा सुल्तान अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का उत्तराधिकारी बना?
Explanation: Kafur placed young Shihabuddin Umar on the throne as a puppet. Within 35 days Kafur was assassinated, and Alauddin’s son Mubarak Shah took over, reigning as Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah.
Q49. In terms of statecraft and theology, what was Alauddin Khilji’s stance toward the Ulema (clergy) and political interference? / शासनकला और धर्मशास्त्र की दृष्टि से, उलेमा (धर्मगुरुओं) और राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप के प्रति अलाउद्दीन खिलजी का क्या रुख था?
Explanation: Alauddin was the first Sultan of Delhi who declared that practical political affairs and the requirements of statecraft were superior to the ecclesiastical opinions of the orthodox Ulema.
Q50. Alauddin Khilji’s economic and market policies were primarily geographically effective in: / अलाउद्दीन खिलजी की आर्थिक और बाजार नीतियां मुख्य रूप से भौगोलिक रूप से कहाँ प्रभावी थीं?
Explanation: Historians agree that the rigorous price control system operated primarily in the capital city of Delhi and adjoining military cantonments where troops and markets could be physically monitored by the Sultan.
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Q1. Why did Alauddin Khilji introduce the Market Control Policy?
The primary motivation was military defense and imperial expansion. Due to recurrent catastrophic Mongol invasions, Alauddin needed to maintain a huge standing army (estimated at 3 to 4.75 lakh horsemen). Paying high salaries would have bankrupted the state within a few years. By fixing low prices for food grains, textiles, horses, and daily necessities, he enabled his soldiers to live comfortably on moderate cash pay (234 tankas annually).
Q2. What were the ‘Dagh’ and ‘Huliya’ systems introduced by Alauddin Khilji?
‘Dagh’ was the mandatory imperial branding of war horses with a royal hot-iron seal to prevent commanders from substituting good Arabian war mounts with cheap pack animals. ‘Huliya’ (or Chehra) was a detailed descriptive roll of each recruit (recording his name, complexion, facial marks, and height) in imperial registers to prevent proxy attendance and fraudulent salary claims.
Q3. What was the ‘Masahat’ system of land revenue?
‘Masahat’ was land measurement-based assessment. Rather than estimating crops by eye or dividing the threshing floor (Batai/Kankut), Alauddin mandated that land under cultivation be measured with the ‘Biswa’ as the standard unit. Tax was assessed strictly per unit of cultivated area, set at 50% of gross produce in the Doab region.
Q4. What were the duties of Shahna-i-Mandi, Diwan-i-Riyasat, and Munhiyans?
The Shahna-i-Mandi was the superintendent of the grain market responsible for maintaining order, registering merchants, and checking black marketing. The Diwan-i-Riyasat was the minister of commerce and retail who supervised all four markets, weights, and merchant licenses. The Munhiyans were covert undercover intelligence agents dispatched by the Sultan into markets to catch shopkeepers cheating on prices or underweighing goods.
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