Early Muslim Invasions (712 CE se lekar 1206 CE tak) ne Indian subcontinent ke political, cultural aur administrative landscape ko hamesha ke liye badal diya. 712 CE mein Muhammad bin Qasim ke Arab conquest of Sindh ke baad, do bade Turkish invaders—Mahmud of Ghazni (Yamini dynasty) aur Muhammad Ghori (Ghurid dynasty)—ne northwestern passes (Khyber aur Bolan) ke raste northern plains par hamle kiye. Jahan Ghazni ka primary objective loot-pat aur temples ki wealth capture karna tha, wahin Muhammad Ghori ne permanent territorial empire establish karne ki neev rakhi, jiske parinaamsvaroop 1206 CE mein Delhi Sultanate ki sthapna hui.
SSC CGL (Tier 1 & Tier 2), RRB NTPC, NDA, CDS, UPSC CSE Prelims aur State PSC exams ke Medieval India section mein Ghazni ke 17 invasions, Somnath Temple raid (1025 CE), First & Second Battles of Tarain (1191 & 1192 CE), Battle of Chandawar (1194 CE), Al-Beruni ke ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’, aur Qutb-ud-din Aibak/Bakhtiyar Khilji ke campaigns par continuous questions aate hain. Niche high-yield study notes, comparative tables, aur 50 Moderate Exam-Standard Bilingual MCQs diye gaye hain jinhe solve karke aap apna live scorecard calculate kar sakte hain.
📌 Table of Contents (Quick Navigation)
- Mahmud of Ghazni: Background, 17 Invasions & Scholars
- Muhammad Ghori: Military Campaigns & Foundation of Delhi Sultanate
- Comparative Analysis: Mahmud of Ghazni vs Muhammad Ghori
- Exam Weightage & Importance Matrix (SSC, Railway, State PSC & UPSC)
- 50 Practice MCQs (Bilingual Interactive Test)
- Download Early Muslim Invasions PDF Notes
- Best Recommended Books for Medieval History
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Mahmud of Ghazni: Background, 17 Invasions & Scholars
Subuktigin ke bete Mahmud of Ghazni ne 998 CE se 1030 CE tak rule kiya. Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir Billah ne use Yamin-ud-Daulah (Right Hand of the Empire) aur Amin-ul-Millah ki upadhi di. Sir Henry Elliot ke mutabiq Mahmud ne 1000 CE se 1027 CE ke beech Bharat par 17 baar aakraman kiye.
Key Historical Milestones & Expeditions of Ghazni:
- 1001 CE: Battle of Peshawar – Hindushahi ruler Raja Jayapala ko haraya. Jayapala ne self-immolation (aatmadah) kar liya aur unke bete Anandapala ne throne sambhali.
- 1008-09 CE: Battle of Waihind – Hindushahi ruler Anandapala ke confederacy of Rajput rulers (Ujjain, Gwalior, Kalinjar, Kannauj, Ajmer) ko Mahmud ne haraya.
- 1009 & 1014 CE: Nagarkot (Kangra) aur Thanesar (Chakrasvamin Temple plunder) par aakraman kiya.
- 1018-19 CE: Mathura aur Kannauj (Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Rajyapala fled) par hamla kiya.
- 1025 CE: Somnath Temple Raid – 16th and most famous expedition. Saurashtra (Gujarat) ke Chaulukya/Solanki king Bhima I ke shasankaal mein Somnath Shiva temple ko loota aur shivalinga ko destroy kiya.
- 1027 CE: Last Expedition – Sindh ke Jats ke khilaf punitive expedition kiya, jinhone Somnath se wapas jaate samay Ghaznavid army ko harass kiya tha.
- Courtiers & Scholars: Al-Beruni (wrote Tarikh-al-Hind / Kitab-ul-Hind), Firdausi (wrote epic Shahnama, called “Homer of the East”), Utbi (court historian, wrote Kitab-i-Yamini / Tarikh-i-Yamini), aur Farrukhi.
2. Muhammad Ghori: Military Campaigns & Foundation of Delhi Sultanate
Mu’izz-ud-din Muhammad ibn Sam (popularly known as Muhammad Ghori) Ghurid dynasty ka ruler tha. Uska motive sirf lootna nahi, balki Bharat mein ek stable Muslim political empire establish karna tha.
Key Campaigns of Muhammad Ghori:
- 1175 CE: Multan Capture – Ghori ne Gomal Pass ke raste aakar Multan ke Ismaili Karmathians ko haraya aur Uch capture kiya.
- 1178 CE: Battle of Kayadara (Gujarat) – Ghori ne Gujarat par aakraman kiya, lekin Chaulukya/Solanki ruler Mularaja II (and his mother Regent Naikidevi) ne Mount Abu ke paas use buri tarah haraya. Yeh Ghori ki Bharat mein pehli defeat thi.
- 1191 CE: First Battle of Tarain – Chahamana (Chauhan) ruler Prithviraj Chauhan (Prithviraj III) ne Muhammad Ghori ko decisively defeat kiya. Ghori ghayal hua aur ek Khalji horseman ne uski jaan bachai. Tabarhindah (Bhatinda) fort Prithviraj ne recaptured kiya.
- 1192 CE: Second Battle of Tarain – Ghori 1,20,000 disciplined cavalry ke sath wapas aaya aur superior light horse-archer tactics ka use karke Prithviraj Chauhan ko defeat kiya. Prithviraj Saraswati (near Sirsa) ke paas capture hue. Tarain II ne Northern India mein Turkish rule ki foundation rakhi.
- 1194 CE: Battle of Chandawar – Ghori ne Gahadavala ruler of Kannauj Jaichandra ko haraya aur maar giraya.
- Generals: Ghori ne Indian territories apne loyal slave general Qutb-ud-din Aibak ko saunpi. Dusre general Ikhtiyar-ud-din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji ne Bihar aur Bengal par invade kiya aur 1199-1202 CE ke dauran ancient seats of learning Nalanda, Vikramashila, aur Odantapuri universities ko destroy kiya.
- 1206 CE: Ghori ko 15 March 1206 ko Dhamyak (Jhelum, Punjab) mein Khokhars dwara assassinate kiya gaya. Uske baad Qutb-ud-din Aibak ne Delhi Sultanate ki Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty establish ki.
3. Comparative Analysis: Mahmud of Ghazni vs Muhammad Ghori
| Attribute | Mahmud of Ghazni (998 – 1030 CE) | Muhammad Ghori (1173 – 1206 CE) |
|---|---|---|
| Dynasty | Yamini Dynasty of Ghazni (Turk) | Ghurid / Shansabani Dynasty of Ghor (Afghan-Tajik) |
| Primary Motive | Economic wealth (plunder of temple treasures) & glory; no interest in ruling India permanently | Territorial expansion & permanent political empire building in India |
| Number of Expeditions | 17 Invasions (1000 – 1027 CE) | Strategic regional campaigns (1175 – 1206 CE) |
| Famous Clash | Somnath Temple raid (1025 CE) against Bhima I | Battles of Tarain (1191 & 1192 CE) against Prithviraj Chauhan |
| Major Battlefield Defeat | Never decisively defeated on Indian battlefield | Defeated by Mularaja II/Naikidevi (1178 CE) and Prithviraj III (1191 CE) |
| Coinage | Bilingual silver dirhams (Arabic + Sanskrit in Devanagari script) | Issued gold coins featuring Goddess Lakshmi on obverse with Nagari legend |
| Ultimate Legacy | Weakened north-western border defenses of Punjab | Direct foundation of the Delhi Sultanate (1206 CE) |
4. Exam Weightage & Importance Matrix
| Exam Category | Expected History Qs | Ghazni & Ghori Weightage | High-Yield Exam Focus Areas |
|---|---|---|---|
| SSC CGL / CHSL / CPO | 4 – 6 Questions | 1 – 2 Direct Qs | Dates of Tarain Battles, Somnath raid year (1025), Al-Beruni’s book, Coin features |
| RRB NTPC / Group D | 6 – 8 Questions | 1 Question | Nalanda destruction by Bakhtiyar Khilji, Hindushahi kings, Founder of Slave Dynasty |
| State PSC (UPPSC, BPSC, RAS, etc.) | 10 – 15 Questions | 2 – 3 Detailed Qs | Battle of Chandawar, Battle of Kayadara (Naikidevi), Al-Beruni observations, Ghurid administration |
| UPSC Civil Services Prelims | 12 – 16 Questions | High Priority | Socio-military causes of Rajput defeat, Nature of Turkish cavalry tactics, Iqta system origins |
5. 50 Practice MCQs (Bilingual Interactive Test)
Is test ko real exam environment mein attempt karein. Kisi bhi option ko click karne par blue background highlight hoga. Jab aap 50 questions solve kar lein, aakhiri mein 🚀 Submit Test & Check Live Score button click karein. Sahi options Green, aapka galat selection Red, aur har question ka detailed solution reveal ho jayega.
Q1. Who was the first Muslim invader to invade India in 712 CE? / 712 ईस्वी में भारत पर आक्रमण करने वाला पहला मुस्लिम आक्रमणकारी कौन था?
Explanation: Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general under the Umayyad Caliphate, invaded Sindh in 712 CE, defeating Raja Dahir at the Battle of Rawar.
Q2. Who was the founder of the Ghaznavid Dynasty (Yamini Dynasty) in Ghazni? / गजनी में गजनवी वंश (यामिनी वंश) का संस्थापक कौन था?
Explanation: Alptigin, a Turkish slave officer of the Samanid Empire, established the independent principality of Ghazni in 962 CE. Subuktigin was his slave and son-in-law.
Q3. Who was the first Turkish ruler to invade India from the northwest frontier? / उत्तर-पश्चिम सीमा से भारत पर आक्रमण करने वाला पहला तुर्क शासक कौन था?
Explanation: Amir Subuktigin (father of Mahmud of Ghazni) was the first Turk to invade Indian territory around 986-987 CE, clashing with Raja Jayapala of the Hindushahi dynasty.
Q4. According to British historian Sir Henry Elliot, how many times did Mahmud of Ghazni invade India? / ब्रिटिश इतिहासकार सर हेनरी इलियट के अनुसार, महमूद गजनवी ने भारत पर कितनी बार आक्रमण किया था?
Explanation: Sir Henry Elliot identified 17 distinct expeditions led by Mahmud of Ghazni into India between 1000 CE and 1027 CE.
Q5. Which Hindushahi king committed self-immolation after being defeated by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 CE? / 1001 ईस्वी में महमूद गजनवी से पराजित होने के बाद किस हिंदूशाही राजा ने आत्मदाह कर लिया था?
Explanation: Overwhelmed by shame and humiliation following his defeat at the Battle of Peshawar (1001 CE), Raja Jayapala abdicated in favor of his son Anandapala and perished in funeral pyre flames.
Q6. In which battle did Mahmud of Ghazni defeat a united confederacy of Rajput rulers led by Anandapala in 1008-09 CE? / 1008-09 ईस्वी में किस युद्ध में महमूद गजनवी ने आनंदपाल के नेतृत्व वाले राजपूत शासकों के संयुक्त संघ को हराया था?
Explanation: In the Battle of Waihind (near modern Attock), Mahmud broke Anandapala’s allied army after Anandapala’s wounded war elephant panicked and fled the field.
Q7. What titles were conferred upon Mahmud of Ghazni by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Qadir Billah? / अब्बासी खलीफा अल-कादिर बिल्लाह द्वारा महमूद गजनवी को कौन सी उपाधियां प्रदान की गई थीं?
Explanation: The Caliph recognized Mahmud’s independence and conferred the titles ‘Yamin-ud-Daulah’ (Right hand of the Empire) and ‘Amin-ul-Millah’ (Protector of the Faithful).
Q8. In which year did Mahmud of Ghazni launch his historic attack on the famous Somnath Temple in Gujarat? / महमूद गजनवी ने गुजरात के प्रसिद्ध सोमनाथ मंदिर पर किस वर्ष ऐतिहासिक आक्रमण किया था?
Explanation: Mahmud’s 16th expedition took place in 1025-26 CE when he marched across the Thar desert and plundered the rich Shiva temple of Somnath on the Saurashtra coast.
Q9. Who was the ruler of Gujarat when Mahmud of Ghazni raided the Somnath Temple in 1025 CE? / 1025 ईस्वी में जब महमूद गजनवी ने सोमनाथ मंदिर पर छापा मारा तब गुजरात का शासक कौन था?
Explanation: Bhima I of the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty was the ruler of Gujarat who fled to Kanthkot fort upon Mahmud’s approach; he later rebuilt the temple.
Q10. Against whom did Mahmud of Ghazni launch his 17th and final campaign in 1027 CE? / महमूद गजनवी ने 1027 ईस्वी में अपना 17वां और अंतिम अभियान किसके विरुद्ध शुरू किया था?
Explanation: His final expedition in 1027 CE was a punitive naval/riverine strike against the Jats of the Salt Range and Sindh for attacking his army on its return from Somnath.
Q11. Which polymath scholar accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India and authored the encyclopedic work ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’? / कौन सा बहुज्ञ विद्वान महमूद गजनवी के साथ भारत आया और उसने विश्वकोशीय ग्रंथ ‘किताब-उल-हिंद’ लिखा?
Explanation: Abu Rayhan Al-Beruni studied Sanskrit, Hindu philosophy, astronomy, and society during his stay in India and compiled his monumental work ‘Tahqiq-i-Hind’ or ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’.
Q12. Who was the author of the Persian national epic ‘Shahnama’ and was court poet to Mahmud of Ghazni? / फारसी महाकाव्य ‘शाहनामा’ के लेखक कौन थे जो महमूद गजनवी के दरबारी कवि थे?
Explanation: Firdausi authored the ‘Shahnama’ (Book of Kings), one of the greatest masterpieces of Persian literature. He was known as the “Homer of the East”.
Q13. Who was Mahmud of Ghazni’s official court historian who wrote ‘Tarikh-i-Yamini’ (Kitab-i-Yamini)? / महमूद गजनवी का आधिकारिक दरबारी इतिहासकार कौन था जिसने ‘तारीख-ए-यामिनी’ (किताब-ए-यामिनी) लिखी थी?
Explanation: Utbi was Mahmud’s secretary and court historian who documented Mahmud’s early life and campaigns in his Arabic chronicle ‘Kitab-i-Yamini’.
Q14. Which medieval historian was styled as the “Pepys of the East” by Stanley Lane-Poole? / स्टेनली लेन-पूल द्वारा किस मध्यकालीन इतिहासकार को “पूरब का पेपिस” (Pepys of the East) कहा गया था?
Explanation: Abul Fazl Baihaqi, who wrote ‘Tarikh-i-Sabuktigin’ and served Sultan Masud, was dubbed the “Pepys of the East” for his candid, diary-like observations.
Q15. Mahmud of Ghazni issued unique silver coins (dirhams) with inscriptions in which two languages? / महमूद गजनवी ने किन दो भाषाओं में शिलालेखों वाले अद्वितीय चांदी के सिक्के (दिरहम) जारी किए थे?
Explanation: Mahmud struck bilingual silver coins at Lahore with the Kalima in Arabic on the obverse and its Sanskrit translation in Devanagari on the reverse (“Avyaktam ekam Muhammad avatar…”).
Q16. Which Chandella ruler successfully resisted Mahmud of Ghazni’s attacks on Kalinjar fort in 1019-1022 CE? / किस चंदेल शासक ने 1019-1022 ईस्वी में कालिंजर किले पर महमूद गजनवी के आक्रमणों का सफलतापूर्वक विरोध किया था?
Explanation: Vidyadhara Chandella gathered a formidable army and forced Mahmud into a stalemate at Kalinjar, after which Mahmud exchanged complimentary verses and gifts before retreating.
Q17. What was the real personal name of Muhammad Ghori? / मुहम्मद गोरी का वास्तविक व्यक्तिगत नाम क्या था?
Explanation: Muhammad Ghori’s full royal name was Mu’izz-ud-din Muhammad ibn Sam (popularly titled Shihab-ud-din Ghori).
Q18. Where was Muhammad Ghori’s first invasion in India directed in 1175 CE? / 1175 ईस्वी में भारत में मुहम्मद गोरी का पहला आक्रमण कहाँ हुआ था?
Explanation: In 1175 CE, Ghori entered through the Gomal Pass and captured Multan from the Ismaili Karmathian rulers, subsequently capturing Uch.
Q19. At which battle in 1178 CE was Muhammad Ghori severely defeated during his invasion of Gujarat? / 1178 ईस्वी में गुजरात आक्रमण के दौरान मुहम्मद गोरी किस युद्ध में बुरी तरह पराजित हुआ था?
Explanation: At Kayadara at the base of Mount Abu, the Chaulukya forces led by boy king Mularaja II and Queen Regent Naikidevi routed Ghori’s army, marking Ghori’s first defeat in India.
Q20. In the First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE), Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghori near which modern region? / तराइन के प्रथम युद्ध (1191 ईस्वी) में पृथ्वीराज चौहान ने मुहम्मद गोरी को किस आधुनिक क्षेत्र के निकट हराया था?
Explanation: Tarain (modern Taraori near Karnal, Haryana) witnessed the clash in 1191 CE where Prithviraj Chauhan’s cavalry routed Ghori’s forces.
Q21. What fortress capture by Muhammad Ghori triggered the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 CE? / मुहम्मद गोरी द्वारा किस किले पर कब्जा करने से 1191 ईस्वी में तराइन का पहला युद्ध छिड़ा?
Explanation: Ghori captured Tabarhindah (Bhatinda), an important frontier outpost of the Chahamana kingdom, provoking Prithviraj Chauhan to march with a massive force.
Q22. What decisive military tactic enabled Muhammad Ghori to defeat Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE)? / तराइन के दूसरे युद्ध (1192 ईस्वी) में मुहम्मद गोri को पृथ्वीराज चौहान पर किस निर्णायक सैन्य रणनीति से जीत मिली?
Explanation: Ghori deployed four divisions of 10,000 light horse archers to harass Rajput ranks and staged feigned retreats to shatter the rigid Rajput elephant and infantry formations.
Q23. In which battle did Muhammad Ghori defeat King Jaichandra of Kannauj in 1194 CE? / 1194 ईस्वी में मुहम्मद गोरी ने किस युद्ध में कन्नौज के राजा जयचंद को हराया था?
Explanation: At Chandawar (near modern Firozabad on the Yamuna river), Ghori defeated the Gahadavala king Jaichandra, who died on the battlefield.
Q24. Which general of Muhammad Ghori led the expedition into eastern India and destroyed Nalanda and Vikramashila universities? / मुहम्मद गोरी के किस सेनापति ने पूर्वी भारत में अभियान का नेतृत्व किया और नालंदा तथा विक्रमशिला विश्वविद्यालयों को नष्ट किया?
Explanation: Bakhtiyar Khilji overrun Bihar and Bengal between 1199 and 1202 CE, destroying Buddhist educational centers at Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri.
Q25. Who was the Sena dynasty king of Bengal when Bakhtiyar Khilji attacked Nadia in 1202 CE? / 1202 ईस्वी में जब बख्तियार खिलजी ने नदिया पर आक्रमण किया तब बंगाल का सेन वंश का शासक कौन था?
Explanation: King Lakshmanasena was surprised at his capital Nadia by Khilji’s 18 horsemen and retreated to eastern Bengal (Vikrampur), while Khilji established Lakhnauti as his capital.
Q26. Which Turkish slave general was left behind by Muhammad Ghori as his viceroy to govern his Indian conquests? / मुहम्मद गोरी ने अपने किस तुर्क दास सेनापति को अपने भारतीय विजित क्षेत्रों पर शासन करने के लिए वाइसराय बनाया था?
Explanation: Qutb-ud-din Aibak was appointed Ghori’s principal viceroy in India and founded the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty upon Ghori’s death in 1206 CE.
Q27. Muhammad Ghori issued gold coins bearing the image of which Hindu deity on one side? / मुहम्मद गोरी ने एक तरफ किस हिंदू देवी की छवि वाले सोने के सिक्के जारी किए थे?
Explanation: To ensure continuity of circulation, Ghori issued coins with seated Goddess Lakshmi on the obverse and his name in Devanagari script (“Sri Muhammad bin Sam”) on the reverse.
Q28. Where was Muhammad Ghori assassinated on March 15, 1206, on his way back to Ghazni? / 15 मार्च 1206 को गजनी लौटते समय मुहम्मद गोरी की हत्या कहाँ कर दी गई थी?
Explanation: While performing evening prayers at Dhamyak (in modern Pakistan’s Punjab), Ghori was assassinated by a band of Khokhars (or Ismaili fida’is).
Q29. Which famous Sufi saint arrived in India with the retinue of Muhammad Ghori’s army around 1192 CE? / 1192 ईस्वी के आसपास मुहम्मद गोरी की सेना के साथ कौन से प्रसिद्ध सूफी संत भारत आए थे?
Explanation: Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, founder of the Chishti order in the subcontinent, settled in Ajmer around the time of the Second Battle of Tarain.
Q30. What was the administrative revenue assignment system introduced in northern India by Muhammad Ghori and his generals? / मुहम्मद गोरी और उसके सेनापतियों द्वारा उत्तर भारत में शुरू की गई प्रशासनिक राजस्व आवंटन प्रणाली कौन सी थी?
Explanation: The Iqta system (transferable revenue assignments to military nobles in lieu of cash salaries) was introduced into India during the Ghurid conquests and codified by Iltutmish.
Q31. Which Sanskrit text mentions Mahmud of Ghazni as ‘Hammira’ (corruption of Amir)? / किस संस्कृत ग्रंथ में महमूद गजनवी को ‘हम्मीर’ (अमीर का अपभ्रंश) कहा गया है?
Explanation: Medieval Sanskrit texts and inscriptions adopted the phonetic title ‘Hammira’ to refer to Yamini and Ghurid Muslim rulers.
Q32. In which year did Mahmud of Ghazni attack and plunder the sacred temple town of Mathura and the capital of Kannauj? / महमूद गजनवी ने पवित्र तीर्थ नगरी मथुरा और कन्नौज की राजधानी पर किस वर्ष आक्रमण और लूटपाट की थी?
Explanation: In 1018-19 CE, Mahmud crossed the Yamuna, plundered Mathura, and pushed to Kannauj, where Pratihara ruler Rajyapala submitted without resistance.
Q33. What was the name of the Pratihara king of Kannauj who fled when Mahmud of Ghazni attacked in 1018 CE? / 1018 ईस्वी में महमूद गजनवी के आक्रमण के समय कन्नौज के किस प्रतिहार राजा ने भागकर शरण ली थी?
Explanation: Rajyapala fled across the Ganga; for this act of cowardice, he was later attacked and slain by Vidyadhara Chandella’s allied forces.
Q34. Who was the primary author of ‘Chachnama’, the principal historical source for the Arab conquest of Sindh? / ‘चचनामा’, जो सिंध पर अरब विजय का प्रमुख ऐतिहासिक स्रोत है, का मूल स्रोत किस भाषा में था?
Explanation: The Chachnama was originally written in Arabic by an unknown companion of Muhammad bin Qasim and translated into Persian by Ali Kufi in 1216 CE.
Q35. What was the name of the brother of Muhammad Ghori, who ruled the eastern Ghurid territories as senior Sultan from Firozkoh? / मुहम्मद गोरी के भाई का नाम क्या था, जिसने फिरोजकोह से वरिष्ठ सुल्तान के रूप में पूर्वी घोरी क्षेत्रों पर शासन किया?
Explanation: Ghiyas-ud-din was the senior sovereign who ruled from the capital Firozkoh, while his younger brother Mu’izz-ud-din (Ghori) functioned as conqueror of Ghazni and India.
Q36. Who was the last Ghaznavid ruler deposed from Lahore by Muhammad Ghori in 1186 CE? / 1186 ईस्वी में मुहम्मद गोरी द्वारा लाहौर से अपदस्थ किया गया अंतिम गजनवी शासक कौन था?
Explanation: In 1186 CE, Ghori captured Lahore and imprisoned Khusrau Malik, completely putting an end to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Punjab.
Q37. Which famous architectural monument in Ajmer was built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak out of the ruins of Hindu and Jain temples in 1199 CE? / 1199 ईस्वी में कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक द्वारा अजमेर में हिंदू और जैन मंदिरों के अवशेषों से कौन सा प्रसिद्ध स्थापत्य स्मारक बनाया गया था?
Explanation: Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra in Ajmer was commissioned on the orders of Muhammad Ghori and constructed by Qutb-ud-din Aibak on the site of a Sanskrit college.
Q38. Who authored the famous historical chronicle ‘Taj-ul-Ma’asir’, detailing the military conquests of Ghori and Aibak? / ‘ताज-उल-माआसिर’ नामक प्रसिद्ध ऐतिहासिक ग्रंथ के लेखक कौन थे, जिसमें गोरी और ऐबक के अभियानों का विवरण है?
Explanation: Hasan Nizami wrote ‘Taj-ul-Ma’asir’, the first official chronicle of the Delhi Sultanate covering events from 1191 to 1217 CE.
Q39. In the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE), which trusted brother of Prithviraj Chauhan died fighting on the battlefield? / तराइन के दूसरे युद्ध (1192 ईस्वी) में पृथ्वीराज चौहान का कौन सा विश्वासपात्र भाई रणभूमि में लड़ते हुए मारा गया था?
Explanation: Govindaraja, the Tomara vassal ruler of Delhi who had severely wounded Ghori in the first battle, was identified and killed in the Second Battle of Tarain.
Q40. Who wrote ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’, which provides a detailed narrative of the Ghurid conquests and early Delhi Sultanate? / ‘तबाकत-ए-नासिरी’ किसने लिखी थी, जो घोरी की विजयों और प्रारंभिक दिल्ली सल्तनत का विस्तृत विवरण प्रदान करती है?
Explanation: Minhaj-i-Siraj completed his comprehensive work ‘Tabaqat-i-Nasiri’ in 1260 CE, dedicating it to Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud.
Q41. What immediate political consequence followed the Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE)? / तराइन के दूसरे युद्ध (1192 ईस्वी) का तात्कालिक राजनीतिक परिणाम क्या था?
Explanation: The victory removed the strongest bulwark of Indian defense, paving the way for Turkish conquest across Delhi, Ajmer, and the Gangetic plains.
Q42. Which ruler of Gwalior was compelled to surrender the Gwalior Fort to Qutb-ud-din Aibak in 1196 CE? / 1196 ईस्वी में ग्वालियर के किस शासक को कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक को ग्वालियर का किला सौंपने के लिए विवश होना पड़ा था?
Explanation: After a prolonged siege, the Pratihara/Parihar chief Sulakshanapala surrendered the Gwalior fort to Ghori and Aibak in 1196 CE.
Q43. What major religious tax was first imposed on non-Muslims in Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE? / 712 ईस्वी में मुहम्मद बिन कासिम द्वारा सिंध में गैर-मुसलमानों पर पहली बार कौन सा बड़ा धार्मिक कर लगाया गया था?
Explanation: Muhammad bin Qasim introduced Jizya on the Hindu population of Sindh as ‘Zimmis’ (protected subjects), exempting Brahmins, women, children, and monks.
Q44. What was the ancient name of the town near Attock where Hindushahi kings fought Mahmud of Ghazni? / अटक के पास उस शहर का प्राचीन नाम क्या था जहाँ हिंदूशाही राजाओं ने महमूद गजनवी से युद्ध किया था?
Explanation: Udabhandapura (Waihind/Ohind on the Indus river) served as the capital of the Hindushahi kings after Kabul was lost.
Q45. Why did Mahmud of Ghazni avoid establishing a permanent empire inside India? / महमूद गजनवी ने भारत के भीतर एक स्थायी साम्राज्य स्थापित करने से परहेज क्यों किया?
Explanation: Mahmud viewed Indian wealth as financial fuel to finance and expand his vast Central Asian empire stretching across Khurasan, Transoxiana, and Iran.
Q46. Which Indian king defeated Muhammad Ghori’s trusted general Bakhtiyar Khilji during his disastrous campaign to Tibet/Assam in 1206 CE? / 1206 ईस्वी में तिब्बत/असम के विनाशकारी अभियान के दौरान किस भारतीय राजा ने बख्तियार खिलजी को पराजित किया था?
Explanation: Raja Prithu of Kamarupa (Assam) encircled and decimated Bakhtiyar Khilji’s 10,000-strong army; Khilji barely escaped with about 100 horsemen and died shortly after.
Q47. In Al-Beruni’s ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’, which Indian scientific discipline was praised for its ancient depth despite contemporary insularity? / अल-बरूनी की ‘किताब-उल-हिंद’ में किस भारतीय वैज्ञानिक विषय की समकालीन संकीर्णता के बावजूद प्राचीन गहराई के लिए प्रशंसा की गई थी?
Explanation: Al-Beruni lauded the astronomical and mathematical brilliance of Aryabhata, Varahamihira, and Brahmagupta, translating parts of Patanjali’s works into Arabic.
Q48. Which fortress was famously described as “the pearl in the necklace of the castles of Hind” by court historians during early Turkish invasions? / प्रारंभिक तुर्की आक्रमणों के दौरान दरबारी इतिहासकारों द्वारा किस किले को “हिंद के किलों के हार का मोती” कहा गया था?
Explanation: Gwalior Fort was celebrated for its impregnable rock-citadel structure and dubbed the “pearl in the necklace of Indian castles”.
Q49. Which famous mosque in Delhi was constructed by Qutb-ud-din Aibak to mark the triumph of the Ghurid arms in 1193-1197 CE? / 1193-1197 ईस्वी में घोरी की सेना की विजय के उपलक्ष्य में कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक द्वारा दिल्ली में किस प्रसिद्ध मस्जिद का निर्माण किया गया था?
Explanation: The Quwwat-ul-Islam (‘Might of Islam’) mosque near the Qutb Minar was built using materials from demolished Hindu and Jain temples to celebrate the Turkish conquest of Delhi.
Q50. The historical transition from the Rajput period to the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE was primarily catalyzed by: / 1206 ईस्वी में राजपूत काल से दिल्ली सल्तनत में ऐतिहासिक संक्रमण मुख्य रूप से किसके द्वारा उत्प्रेरित हुआ था?
Explanation: Unlike Ghazni’s raids, Ghori’s victory at the Second Battle of Tarain (1192) created a permanent administrative apparatus, leading to Qutb-ud-din Aibak proclaiming the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE.
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Standard reference text explaining the socio-economic setup, Turkish cavalry advantages, and the transition into the Delhi Sultanate.
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🔙 Go to Main Competitive Exam Notes Hub (All Subjects) ➔7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1. What was the fundamental difference in motive between Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori?
Mahmud of Ghazni’s primary objective was economic plunder—stripping the immense accumulated treasures of Hindu temples and kingdoms to finance and expand his Central Asian empire based in Ghazni. In contrast, Muhammad Ghori aimed to establish a lasting territorial empire in India, setting up an administrative apparatus that culminated in the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 CE.
Q2. Why did the Rajput forces lose the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE?
The Rajputs relied predominantly on heavy, sluggish war elephants and rigid front-line infantry formations bound by traditional chivalric rules of war. Muhammad Ghori utilized superior military tactics based on high-mobility Central Asian light-horse archers, dividing his forces into divisions that engaged in feigned retreats, exhausting and encircling the Rajput flanks before unleashing fresh cavalry reserves.
Q3. What is the historical importance of Al-Beruni’s ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’?
Al-Beruni’s ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’ (or Tahqiq-i-Hind) is the most comprehensive, objective sociological and scientific treatise on 11th-century India. Written in Arabic after mastering Sanskrit, it details Hindu philosophy, religion, caste systems, mathematics, astronomy, legal practices, and festivals, making it an indispensable primary source for medieval Indian historiography.
Q4. Did Muhammad Ghori ever face defeat on Indian soil before the Battles of Tarain?
Yes. In 1178 CE, when Muhammad Ghori invaded Gujarat, he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Kayadara (near Mount Abu) by the Chaulukya/Solanki forces led by Queen Regent Naikidevi and the young ruler Mularaja II. This catastrophic defeat forced Ghori to abandon the southern desert route into India and instead refocus his invasions via the Punjab corridor.
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